What is Cancer? Treatment, Symptoms & Types of Cancer 

What is Cancer: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells, which can form tumours and invade surrounding healthy tissue. The most common types of cancer include prostate, breast, bowel, melanoma, lung, skin, head and neck, uterine, lymphoma, leukaemia, cervical, ovarian, and thyroid cancer.

Early detection and treatment of cancer can significantly improve patients' outcomes. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the common symptoms of cancer and the available treatment options. In this blog, we will explore what cancer is, its causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, treatment, and the importance of early detection. We will also discuss the financial aspects of cancer treatment and how to prepare for its associated costs.

What is Cancer?

Cancer occurs when cells in the body start multiplying uncontrollably, leading to tumour forming and invading healthy tissue. Normally, healthy cells grow, divide, and die in a controlled manner, but cancer cells continue to divide and form a mass of abnormal cells known as a tumour. These cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body; a process called metastasis.

Not all tumours are cancerous; some are benign and do not spread, while others are malignant and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. It can affect various parts of the body, and its treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer.

What causes Cancer?

The exact causes of cancer are often unknown, but certain cancer risk factors can increase the chances of developing this disease. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, a poor diet, obesity, lack of physical activity, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, and certain infections can sometimes be the causes of growing cancer cells.

In some cases, cancer can also be hereditary, with certain genetic mutations passed down through generations. It can occur due to disruption in the normal function of cells, leading to uncontrolled growth and the formation of tumours. The immune system also has an important role in identifying and destroying abnormal cells, but in some cases, cancer cells can evade the immune system and continue to grow.

What are the common types of cancers in Bangladesh?

There are 1.5 million cancer patients in Bangladesh; each year, this number is increasing with newly diagnosed. The most prevalent cancers found in men are lung and mouth-oropharynx cancer, while breast and cervix uteri are mostly in women.  Let’s know about five common cancers in Bangladesh in detail.

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women worldwide, including Bangladesh. It usually starts in the milk ducts or lobules of the breast. In the last five years, the prevalence of breast cancer in Bangladesh females is 32.8%.

Lung cancer

In lung cancer, abnormal cells grow out of control and form tumours, which can affect your breathing and spread to other parts of your body. It's often caused by smoking, but anyone can get it.  In the last five years, the prevalence of lung cancer in Bangladesh in males is 13.1% and in women 2%.

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. It is like a silent intruder in your man cave. It starts in the prostate gland, a small organ below the bladder responsible for producing seminal fluid. Men need to be aware of the symptoms of prostate cancer, such as frequent urination, difficulty starting or stopping urination, weak urine flow, blood in the urine or semen, and erectile dysfunction. In the last five years, the prevalence of prostate cancer in Bangladesh in males is 2.3%

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is like a sneak attack on your digestive system. Usually, it begins in the colon or rectum when normal cells multiply uncontrollably, forming tumours. Now, these tumours can cause all sorts of trouble, from changes in bowel habits to unexplained weight loss.
In the last five years, the prevalence of colorectal cancer in Bangladesh in males is 6.5% and in women 2.7%.

Blood cancers

Blood cancer, also known as haematological cancer, occurs when the cells in your blood go haywire, affecting their production and function.  It includes various types of cancer, such as leukaemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Leukaemia affects the bone marrow and results in the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system, which is responsible for fighting infections, and it can involve the lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs. Myeloma affects plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell.

This can lead to many problems, from feeling tired to getting infections more easily.

What are the common early cancer symptoms?

Early cancer detection is essential for improving outcomes and increasing the chances of successful treatment. Individuals can seek medical attention as soon as possible if they are aware of the early symptoms of cancer. Let’s know some common early symptoms that can indicate cancer; but remember these symptoms are not only noticeable when you have cancer, other health issues can cause these symptoms as well.

Unexplained weight loss.

Dropping pounds without trying could signal that something's off in your body. When cancer cells grow and multiply, they consume a significant amount of the body's energy. Try to find out the reasons for this weight loss, and if unsolved, maybe you should consult a doctor and do a cancer test or follow as the doctor suggested.

Chronic tiredness.

Feeling tired always, even after a good night's sleep, might be more than just fatigue. Sometimes the body's immune system fighting cancer cells can lead to this fatigue, affecting normal activities. So visit a doctor and share your concern, if no other issues are found, maybe cancer is at the doorstep.

Persistent pain.

Pain that sticks around longer than usual, especially unexplained, shouldn't be ignored. Cancer-related pain can result from the tumours pressing on nerves, organs, or bones, as well as inflammation caused by cancer.

Fever that occurs mostly at night.

If you're sweating it out while the moon's up, it's worth checking in with your doctor. Sometimes, night sweats accompanied by a fever may indicate an underlying medical condition such as certain types of cancer.

Skin changes, particularly moles that change shape and size or new moles.

Keep an eye on moles that change shape or new ones that pop up unexpectedly.

Skin changes, such as the appearance of new moles or changes in existing moles, or any type of skin changes can be a sign of skin cancer. Skin cancer causes the cells in the skin to start growing abnormally and form a tumour.  If there is anything that makes you concerned, please consult a good doctor.

Bruising or bleeding more easily.

If you notice bruises from even minor bumps, it could be a red flag for something more serious. When cancerous cells disrupt the body's normal blood cell production, it can weaken the clotting process, making bruising more frequent and concerning.

Lumps or bumps under your skin that don’t go away.

The presence of lumps or bumps under the skin that do not go away can cause concern and may indicate cancer. Cancer can cause the formation of abnormal masses or tumours, which can be felt as lumps or bumps under the skin.

Difficulty swallowing.

Difficulty swallowing, also known as dysphagia, can be a symptom of Oesophageal cancer. It can cause narrowing or blockage of the oesophagus, making it difficult to swallow food or liquids.

Early Detection of Cancer

Importance of Cancer Screening Test in Bangladesh

Regular cancer screening tests are important, especially in Bangladesh. Several screening programs are available in Bangladesh to detect common types of cancer, including breast, cervical, and bowel cancer. These screening tests can detect cancer at its earliest, most treatable stages, significantly increasing treatment success rates and improving patient outcomes. Individuals can take proactive measures to protect their health and well-being by prioritising cancer screenings.

How do Healthcare Providers diagnose cancer?

Diagnosing cancer involves comprehensively evaluating a patient's medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Healthcare providers use different types of tests to determine whether a person has cancer, the type of cancer, and its stage. Let’s discuss a few common tests to identify cancer.

Blood tests

Blood tests analyse blood samples for cancer-associated markers or abnormalities, like tumours markers or irregular blood cell counts. For instance, complete blood count (CBC) tests assess levels of red and white blood cells and platelets, aiding in leukaemia or lymphoma detection. Other blood tests measure specific markers linked to certain cancers, offering insights into cancer presence and overall health status.

Imaging tests

Imaging technologies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound create detailed images of the body's internal structures. These images enable healthcare providers to visualise any abnormal growths or tumours, pinpoint their location, and determine their size and extent, aiding in the diagnosis and staging of cancer.

 Biopsies

Biopsies involve removing a small tissue sample from a suspicious area for examination under a microscope. This allows healthcare providers to confirm the presence of cancer cells, analyse their characteristics, and identify the specific type of cancer. There are various types of biopsies, including needle biopsies, where a thin needle is used to extract the tissue sample, and surgical biopsies, where an incision is made to remove the tissue. Biopsies can be done using imaging guidance, such as ultrasound or CT scans, to ensure accurate targeting of the suspicious area.

Genetic testing

Genetic testing can help identify individuals who may have inherited genetic mutations that increase their susceptibility to certain types of cancer, such as breast, ovarian, or colorectal cancer. It is typically done through a simple blood or saliva sample, and the results can provide valuable information for healthcare providers in developing personalised treatment plans and implementing preventive measures for individuals at increased risk of developing cancer. Genetic testing also helps identify family members at increased risk of cancer, facilitating proactive measures for early detection and cancer prevention.

Types of Cancer Treatment

Cancer treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of cancer and individual factors. There are several types of cancer treatment in Bangladesh, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, stem cell transplant, and palliative care. Treatment choice depends on tumours location, size, spread, the patient's overall health, and the treatment goals.

Localised treatment.

Localised treatment usually involves treatments like surgery or local radiation therapy at a specific area of the body or tumours.

Localised treatment aims to eliminate cancer in a specific area while minimising damage to healthy tissue and improving long-term remission chances. It's used when cancer is limited to one organ or region. Common methods include radiation therapy, which uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells, and surgery to remove tumours and nearby tissue.         

Systemic treatment.

Systemic drug treatments, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, can affect the entire body.

Systemic treatment impacts the entire body, addressing cancer cells that may have spread. Chemotherapy, a common approach, uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body, often in combination with other treatments. Hormone therapy, used for hormone-sensitive cancers like breast or prostate cancer, blocks hormones fuelling cancer growth. Systemic treatments aim to eliminate cancer cells throughout the body and prevent disease spread or recurrence.

Palliative treatment.

Palliative care involves relieving health symptoms associated with cancer, such as trouble breathing and pain.

Palliative treatment aims to manage pain, nausea, fatigue, and other side effects that may arise during cancer treatment. It can be provided alongside curative treatments and is essential in addressing the patient's physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. It helps individuals cope better with the challenges of cancer and its treatment, offering support through a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the patient's specific needs.

Preparing for Financial Protection against Cancer Treatment Costs in Bangladesh

Questions that you can ask about the cost of cancer care.

When faced with a cancer diagnosis, it's essential to be informed about the cost of cancer care and the available financial assistance options. Here are some questions you can ask to understand how much cancer treatment costs.

How long will I need to be treated? Will what I owe out-of-pocket start over again next year?

How much do you think the total cost of the suggested treatment will be?

Does my health insurance company need to pre-approve or pre-certify any part of the treatment before I start?

Is there any way I can get help paying for my treatment if I need it? Who can I talk to about financial assistance?

What other medicines might I need along with my cancer treatment to help manage side effects?

How likely am I to have to stay in the hospital for any of my treatment or side effects?

Ensure yourself with MetLife Bangladesh.

If you want to protect yourself or your loved ones financially, consider getting insurance from MetLife Bangladesh.  Remember, you can’t get insurance after getting diagnosed with cancer.

Critical Illness Insurance Protection Plan (CIIPP)

MetLife Bangladesh's Critical Illness Insurance Protection Plan (CIIPP) offers financial protection against unexpected health crises. With coverage for 52 critical illnesses, including heart attack, cancer, and stroke, this plan provides a safety net for you and your family.

Critical illnesses can create sudden financial strain, especially if they strike during retirement when income is limited. The CIIPP ensures coverage until age 80, with flexible premium payment terms to fit your earning years. It offers long-term security and peace of mind, so you're prepared for whatever life throws at you.

To learn more about the benefits of CIIPP, including minor and major critical illness coverage, death coverage, and tax advantages, click here and explore how MetLife Bangladesh's CIIPP can protect you and your family.

Critical Care Rider by MetLife Bangladesh

MetLife Bangladesh offers the Critical Care Rider, a powerful addition to your health insurance plan. This rider provides immediate financial assistance for 25 critical illnesses, ensuring you and your family have the support you need in challenging times.

With financial benefits ranging from BDT 200,000 to BDT 40,00,000, the Critical Care Rider delivers a lump sum payment upon diagnosis or surgery for any listed critical illnesses. This payment is made once per policy term, helping cover medical costs and other expenses during treatment. Premiums can be paid annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly matching your health insurance payment schedule for added convenience.

Read our in-depth article for more detailed information about the Critical Care Rider, including the list of covered illnesses and other key benefits. This will help you understand how this rider can complete.

Critical Illness Insurance with Return of Premium Super (CI ROP Super)

MetLife Bangladesh's Critical Illness Insurance with Return of Premium Super (CI ROP Super) provides 10 years of coverage for ten critical illnesses, with a unique return-of-premium feature. This means if you stay healthy throughout the policy term, you get 100% of your premiums back. MetLife pays you a lump sum ranging from BDT 200,000 to BDT 2,000,000. And if you pass away from a covered critical illness, your beneficiaries receive the full coverage. If death is due to a non-covered cause, MetLife returns either one-tenth of the coverage or the total premiums paid, whichever is higher.

For more details about CI ROP Super and its benefits, check out our detailed article.
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